3) Framework of Sustainable Development

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Our class started off as usual, with Sir Ali taking our attendance and the recitation of Surah Al-Fatihah before going over our lesson. We learned about the framework of Sustainable Development and how SDG was first formed by the United Nations. The idea of having global strategies have been talked about ever since 1972, where governments have actively addressed the issue on human environment. Since then, there were many conferences held and conventions created to solve these issues. Things like Kyoto Protocol and the Johannesburg Declaration were just some of the attempts for society as a whole to take a step further to a sustainable life. I was surprised to know that there's actually a different set of goals that were established before the existence of SDG and that is MDG, also known as Millenium Development Goals.

The MDGs, established in 2000, focused on eight specific targets primarily addressing poverty, health, and education with a 2015 deadline. In contrast, the SDGs, adopted in 2015, encompass 17 broader and more comprehensive goals that cover economic, social, and environmental dimensions of sustainable development, aiming to be achieved by 2030. While the MDGs were more targeted and had a narrower focus, the SDGs are inclusive and holistic, emphasizing the interconnectedness of various global challenges and the need for integrated solutions. It showed that today's framework of Sustainable Development have always been discussed and improved so it is universal and could bring positive effect to everyone globally.

Then, Sir Ali talked about the 5P which are the five key themes that the SDGs are structured around. The first one is "People", which are goals that aim to end poverty and hunger in all their forms and dimensions, and ensure that all human beings can fulfill their potential in dignity and equality and in a healthy environment. For example, No Poverty (Goal 1) and Zero Hunger (Goal 2) that emphasizes fulfilling all humans' needs and potential. There's also the second theme "Planet" that refers to goals that aim to protect the planet from degradation through sustainable management of its natural resources and urgent action on climate change, some examples being Climate Action (Goal 13) and Life on Land (Goal 15). Next theme is "Prosperity" which are goals that ensures all humans can enjoy prosperous and fulfilling lives and that economic, social, and technological progress occurs in harmony with nature, for example Decent Work and Economic Growth (Goal 8). Other than that, "Peace" is another key theme that makes up the structure of SDGs. This theme promotes peaceful, just, and inclusive societies free from fear and violence, just like its related SDG which is Peace, Justice, and Strong Institutions (Goal 16). Last but not least is "Partnetship" where the focus is on implementing SDG as a whole through global partnerships for sustainable development.

Overall, today's lesson taught me the importance of collaboration between government when it comes to combating many issues, such as climate change, pollution, and pandemics, that is not limited to certain countries. International cooperation is vital for addressing these transboundary challenges effectively. Other than that, it showed me how SDG really came to be and how many effort it had taken to create such a comprehensive set of goals that are beneficial to everyone across the globe.

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